Childhood is a time of joy, exploration, and growth.

If each of the 61 million+ files of CSAM reported to NCMEC was represented by a sheet of paper, they would cover the surface of an American football field.... 687 times.

How have all these files been created?

Bad actors are using technology to:

To better understand the proliferation of child sexual abuse material online and how we can stop it, let’s explore the main pathways of abuse that lead to the creation of CSAM.

Hands-On Sexual Abuse

Hands-on sexual abuse occurs with physical contact between a child and an abuser.

Because the abuser needs physical access to the child, this abuse is often initiated by a trusted adult — like a parent, relative, neighbor, coach, pastor, or babysitter.

After documenting the abuse and creating CSAM, the abuser shares it in online communities dedicated to the sexual abuse of children.

Like any community, the members support each other. But this support is shared around how to gain access to children, abuse them, and spread the images or videos.

When the perpetrator has this type of access the abuse can happen often and for an extended period of time: weeks, months, and even years. And with each additional day of abuse, new images are created and shared. These images are then collected, traded, and shared across the internet.

There are survivors of CSAM whose abuse has been shared thousands and tens of thousands of times a year, even many years after being recovered from hands-on abuse. Each time this image is shared, the victim is abused again.

Over half of the identified child victims in widely circulated CSAM are prepubescent, and many are even too young to speak.

Visit our Research Center to learn more about the severity of CSAM and victim demographics.

Grooming

Making new friends often starts the same way: Finding something in common. Telling personal stories. Sharing a secret and creating a bond.

We all do this to build trust and connection. For many youth today, these new friendships are built entirely online.

These online spaces can be critical communities of support, especially for LGBTQ+ youth and other marginalized groups.

But what happens when some new friends aren’t who they appear to be?

When a “friend” is actually an adult building a relationship with a child by pretending to be someone else, this is a form of grooming.

Online grooming is a process of exploiting trust to shift expectations of what is safe behavior. Groomers leverage fear and shame to keep a child silent.

Online perpetrators are able to take advantage of technology to scale their efforts to reach a large number of children at the same time.

Because abusers go wherever kids already are (like the platforms they use every day), grooming can happen just about anywhere online — quickly or over time.

After meeting minors on a platform, groomers frequently move victims to another platform to increase their security and the victims’ isolation.

What do these abusers want?

Children are groomed for many reasons:

• As a source of self-generated child sexual abuse material (aka nudes)
• To lead to an in-person meetup with the opportunity for hands-on sexual abuse
• For the chance to gain power and control (sextortion)

Sometimes, a perpetrator even threatens to expose these sexual images if a victim doesn't give them something they want.

This is called sextortion.

Sextortion is the threat to expose sexual images if a victim does not give an offender what they want. Sextortion can happen in various ways, involving people known offline, like ex-partners, or new online contacts. Recently, there's been a sharp increase in online perpetrators sextorting minors for money. In 2022, NCMEC reported that 79% of sextortion cases reported to them were financially motivated.

Kids experiencing sextortion often believe it’s their fault. Rather than recognizing they are victims of abuse, youth often feel ashamed and embarrassed—feelings that perpetrators take advantage of to keep them quiet as they continue to carry out their threats.

Sextortion can happen on any platform with messaging like social media, dating apps, gaming sites, and texting apps.

Technology enables perpetrators to groom and sextort at scale.

Our research has confirmed an alarming trend, young people are facing an increase in financial sextortion threats – a devastating form of sextortion leveraging sexual imagery for monetary gain.

While historically, sextortion cases often demanded more images or personal favors, this financially-motivated harm is on the rise – and it’s disproportionately targeting teen boys aged 14-17.

Read more on sextortion and what to do if someone is blackmailing you with nudes.

The possibility of what generative AI can do is endless. Many are finding ways to work smarter, improve health, and create art.

Some are exploiting generative AI to abuse children.

Because open-source generative AI tools can be modified, used, and redistributed by anyone, abusers are already using them to scale all online sexual harms. How?

Abusers can take one existing CSAM image and turn it into hundreds, with AI software positioning the child victim in different scenes or depicting them being harmed in new ways.

Bad actors can also take any publicly available images of children and create AI-generated CSAM with their likeness, also known as “deepfakes.” These images can then be used for grooming or sextortion.

Deepfakes are complicating an existing problem. Already, many children don’t disclose these types of experiences.

Boys, in particular, may be less likely to disclose being victims of sexual crimes, often due to societal expectations and gender norms that discourage them from speaking out.

When deepfakes are involved, the fear of not being believed can intensify, creating an even bigger barrier to seeking help.

The deepfake problem goes deeper than strangers and other bad actors.

With generative AI tools at their fingertips, young people are creating deepfake nudes of their peers. While the majority of minors do not believe their classmates are participating in this behavior, roughly 1 in 10 minors reported they knew of cases where their peers had done so.

The speed and efficiency of AI technologies enables mass production of these fake nude images and provides a new weapon for bullying.

While the child safety ecosystem is just beginning to understand and analyze these harms, we do know that now is the time for safety by design.

AI companies must lead the way to ensure children are protected as generative AI tech is built.

Today’s children grow up with near-constant access to phones and devices. Socializing online is now a normal part of growing up, and that includes exploring relationships, bodies, and sexuality in a digital world.

Sending naked photos, sharing photos of others, and being asked for nude photos is increasingly common.

Whether the minor was coerced or willingly shared, these types of photos or videos are considered self-generated child sexual abuse material due to the abuser’s physical absence in the visual content.

SG-CSAM poses a variety of dangers. We’ve found that the most harm occurs when content is reshared without consent.

Once it’s reshared, SG-CSAM is usually shared again and again, and is at risk of going viral through the child’s community and beyond.

This can result in victim-blaming. As if that’s not enough, images and videos may escape onto the open web and become traded CSAM.